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2: Paolo Roversi / Art + Commerce; 7, 8, 11: Cuneyt Akeroglu; 12: Photograph by Irving Penn; © Condé Nast. Vogue November 1994; 15: Richard Burbrge / Art + Commerce; 17: Goyo Hashiguchi, Museum of Fine Arts / Boston, Gift of Miss Lucy T. Aldrich; 18: Raymond Meier / Trunk Archive; 21: Rouge, October 1922, Shinsui, Ito (1898-1972) / Minneapolis Institute of Arts, MN, USA / Gift of Ellen and Fred Wells / Brgeman Images; 22: Wellcome Library, London; 25: Portrait of Queen Elizabeth I - The Armada Portrait (oil on canvas), Gower, George (1540-96) (manner of) / Private Collection / Photo © Philip Mould Ltd, London / Brgeman Images; 26: Madame de Pompadour at her Toilette, c.1760 (oil on canvas), Boucher, Francois (1703-70) / Fogg Art Museum, Harvard Art Museums, USA / Brgeman Images; 28: British Vogue, March 1st 1974, Shot by Eric Boman (Outtake), Vogue © The Condé Nast Publications Ltd; 29: Louise-Henriette-Gabrielle de Lorraine (1718-88) Princess of Turenne and Duchess of Bouillon, 1746 (oil on canvas), Nattier, Jean-Marc (1685-1766) / Château de Versailles, France / Brgeman Images; 31: Cuneyt Akeroglu; 35: Portrait of Queen Marie Antoinette of France, 1775. Artist: Jean-Baptiste André Gautier d’Agoty, Fine Art Images / Heritage Images / Getty Images; 36: Queen Alexandra by Sir Samuel Luke Fildes, Royal Collection Trust / © Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II 2015; 39: Portrait of a Lady, c. 1460 (oil on panel), Weyden, Rogier van der (1399-1464) / National Gallery of Art, Washington DC, USA / Brgeman Images; 40: Makeup pot with molded tablets of white lead, all having the same diameter and weight (2.75 cm and 5.5 g). Found in a tomb from the 5th c. BC; 41: Photo by CM Dixon / Print Collector / Getty Images; 42-43: Photographs by Irving Penn; © Condé Nast. Vogue November 1964; 44: Tang court ladies in a fresco painting at Lady Li Xianhui’s tomb. / Pictures From History / Brgeman Images; 45: China: Wu Zetian (Empress Wu), 624-705, Empress Regnant of the Zhou Dynasty (r.690-705) / Pictures From History / Brgeman Images; 47: Bust of Poppaea Sabina / National Roman Museum in Palazzo Massimo / FOTOSAR; 48: Wellcome Library, London; 51: Photography by Mert Alas and Marcus Piggott / Art Partner; 52: Portrait of Lola Montez (1821-61), 1846 (w/c on paper), Roqueplan, Camille-Joseph-Etienne (1800-55) / Musee de la Ville de Paris, Musee Carnavalet, Paris, France / Archives Charmet / Brgeman Images; 55: Raymond Meier / Trunk Archive; 57: Portrait of Catherine de Medici, Queen Consort of King Henry II of Valois, c. 1547-59 (oil on canvas) / Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence, Italy / De Agostini Picture Library / Brgeman Images; 58 (left): Queen Elizabeth I (The Ditchley portrait) by Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger, oil on canvas, circa 1592, National Portrait Gallery, London; 58 (right): Lettice Knollys by George Gower, Courtesy of Longleat Estate; 61: Beata Beatrix (oil on canvas), Rossetti, Dante Gabriel Charles (1828-82) / Birmingham Museums and Art Gallery / Brgeman Images; 62: Sølve Sundsbø / Art+ Commerce; 64: Bettmann / CORBIS; 65: A detail of a painting from the tomb of Nakht depicting three ladies at a feast / Werner Forman Archive / Brgeman Images; 66: Bust of Nefertiti from es Museum Berlin, Germany, Anna Bartosch-Carlile / Alamy; 67: Photograph of Sophia Loren by Chris Von Wangenheim, 1970, Licensed by VAGA, New York, NY; 68: Woman at her toilet, Boucher, Francois (1703-70) / Private Collection / Photo © Agnew’s, London / Brgeman Images; 71: Photograph of Iekeliene Stange by Patrizio di Renzo for Swiss jeweler Majo Fruithof; 72: Portrait of Demos, young woman, encaustic painting on wood, 38x21 cm, Roman era painting (1st-2nd century) from El-Faiyum, Egypt. Getty Images; 73: Getty Images, 1955, Photo by Carlton / Housewife / Getty Images; 74: Kitagawa Utamaro / Brooklyn Museum / Corbis; 76, 77: Cuneyt Akeroglu , makeup by Lisa Eldrge; 78: Penelope Tree, New York, June 1967 © The Richard Avedon Foundation; 80: Nefertiti (14th century B.C.), queen-consort of Pharaoh Akhenaton, Egyptian Museum in the es Museum Berlin / Universal History Archive / UIG / Brgeman Images; 83: Meena Kumari, The Times of India Group, BCCL; 84: Brigitte Bardot, Sam Levin / Ministère de la culture / Sunset Boulevard / Corbis; 87: Audrey Hepburn, Photoshot; 89: Patrick Demarchelier / Trunk Archive; 90: British Vogue, late July 1926, illustration by Eduardo Benito, Vogue © The Condé Nast Publications Ltd; 92: British Library; 93: Opera Dress with ribbon and large collar matching with a bonnet, from La Belle Assemblée, by G.B. Whittaker, Hand-colored etching, England, 1827, Victoria and Albert Museum, London; 94: Getty Images; 95: Les Modes cover, 1901, No. 12, Bibliothèque nationale de France; 96: Madame Sarah Bernhardt in her dressing room (litho), Renouard, Charles Paul (1845-1924) (after) / Private Collection / © Look and Learn / Brgeman Images; 97: Billie Burke column from The Day Book - Chicago, March 1913; 98: Courtesy of E Movie Poster; 99: Courtesy of The Advertising Archives; 101: Illustrated London News Ltd / Mary Evans; 102: Courtesy of The Advertising Archives; 103: Herbert Bayer, Harper’s Bazaar, August 1940, image courtesy of Hearst; 104: Courtesy of The Advertising Archives; 106: Jean Harlow, Photoplay, December 1931; 107: Rexfeatures; 108: Courtesy of archive.org; 109: Courtesy of The Advertising Archives; 113: Theda Bara as Cleopatra, 1917, mptvimages.com; 115: Corbis; 116: Everett Collection/REX; 119 Anna May Wong from Limehouse Blues, 1934, Paramount / Getty Images; 120: Corbis; 123: Photo by Margaret Chute / Getty Images, Max Factor instructs English actress Dorothy Mackaill; 125 (top left): Photo by Underwood Archives / Getty Images, Actress Anna Q Nilsson getting her lashes done by Percy Westmore, 1926; 125 (mdle right): House of Westmore, 6638 Sunset Boulevard, Hollywood (interior lobby); 125 (bottom right): Westmore brothers, 1939 by Peter Stackpole / The LIFE Picture Collection / Getty Images; 127 (top): Courtesy of Max Factor; 128: Courtesy of The Advertising Archives; 131: George Maillard Kesslere Estate; 133: “Your Cosmetic Portrait” pamphlet, 1935, Courtesy of the Jewish Museum New York; 134: Elizabeth Arden, 1928, Mary Evans / SZ Photo / Scherl; 135: Elizabeth Arden, 1935, Getty Images / Hulton Archive; 136, 137 (top): Courtesy of The Advertising Archiv